The Impact of E-Commerce on International Trade: Case of Turkey

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the impact of electronic commerce on international trade with the case studying of Turkey. E-commerce offers economy-wide benefits to all countries. The benefits are probably to be concentrated in developed countries in the short run, but developing countries will have more to benefit in the long run. Applying electronic commerce in both own and foreign country will affect corporate profits badly in the beginning, but after a certain step of progress, it will promote the rapid growth of corporate profits. The theories covered in this paper are simply those theories which have helped business, governments, and economics to better understand international trade and also to better understand how to manage, regulate, and promote international trade. Turkey has to achieve current account balances in balance of payment where suffers from large deficits for a long time. In this research, the based on international trade theories and development and growth theories of innovation, the electronic commerce is considered as one of the key stimulus to increase export in Turkish economy. In Turkey, following January 24 the 1980 decisions, trade liberalization policies have been supported by Customs Unions with the European Union. All these were steps of export led growth policies, currently; Turkish economy has target of raising export to USD $ 500 billion from USD $ 150 billion of 2017. E-commerce would offer one of the opportunities in raising exports. In developed economies, it is already measured how ecommerce increase international trade. New opportunities for international trade have created throughout internet. Turkish Customs offices already adopted the related legislation to facilitate ecommerce. But, there should be security warranty to pave the road doing e-commerce without doubt or fear. The way of communicating or doing business and trade between companies and individuals has changed as the geographical distance decreased between buyers and sellers.

prosperous, it will contribute significantly to the increase in National and global GDPs of nationals as the case for Turkey's economy.
The main question lies, how to define e-commerce? If one is to browse the internet at the search for a definition of e-commerce, many answers of various perspectives will be given out, as for according to dictionary.com, e-commerce is the set of transactions performed in the form of electronic data transfer, including the Internet. In addition, some people have a very personal definition: e-commerce is a buying method that allows them to purchase gifts for their families and their friends living elsewhere in the world and also to do their shopping late in the evening, outside normal working hours, or even buying goods and services that are not readily available where they live.
To better understand of how international trade work we should be familiar with international trade theories. So, the theories mentioned in the following chapters are simply those theories which have helped business, governments, and economics to better understand international trade and also to better understand how to manage, regulate, and promote international trade. International trade theories are different theories clarifying different models of international trade. International trade theory has an extended history in which it has experienced from Adam Smith's "international division of labor theory ", Heckscher and Ohlin's "factor endowment theory ", and David Ricardo's "comparative advantage theory ". But, the new model theory of international trade written by Paul Krugman and Helpman Elhanan in the name of "Economies of Scale and Trade Theory" which had the greatest impact on international trade theory in recent years.
However, e-commerce offers opportunities for both industrialized and developing countries. In the short term, profits are likely to be taken into account in developed countries. In the long term, however, profits are likely to focus on developing countries. In the short term, developing countries do not have the systems to make full use of the Internet. In the long term, however, they may ignore some of the steps in the development of information and communication technologies that developed countries have gone through.
With the development of e-commerce, several sites were created to bring thousands of domestic and international traders to a suitable online trading platform so as to do business together. Alibaba, Globalsources, etc. were the examples of those online trading sites and had grown up as B2B e-commerce enterprise. So, ecommerce as a new channel has been affecting the cost, value and efficiency of trade, and changing the mode of trade, and it has much more impacts on international trade.
Technological progress has favored international trade. Millions of people around the world use the Internet to buy products online. Internet affects almost every company. Different types of Internet use by business scope include the ability to generate, publish or execute normal business functions. Therefore, almost all companies benefit from the Internet for many of their activities. One of the effects of e-commerce is to increase competition and to offer benefits to consumers through lower prices and additional opportunities.
Furthermore, it is logical to say that it is interesting at the time of the Internet to wonder about the future of ecommerce. How will it develop? What does the e-commerce of tomorrow look like? What will be the turning points? All these questions are critical questions that need to be answered in the following lines of this paper.

History of e-commerce in Turkey:
For the first time in 1993, TR-NET was formed by the Middle East Technical University (METU) and the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council (TUBITAK) so as to promote internet in Turkey.
Moreover, on 12 April 1993 internet generally was started and used everywhere. At first, internet was used in METU, and then in the years between 1994 and 1996 this university, I mean METU, was followed by Boğaziçi, Bilkent, Ege and Istanbul Universities. After that, private websites were opened and started to operate such as Mynet, Ekşi Sözlük, etc (OZTURK, 2018).
In addition, the following figure illustrates the point internet access over Turkey . The backbone internet base   were Istanbul, Izmir, and Ankara where internet was expanded everywhere in Turkey including universities   and public foundations (OZTURK, 2018). and accepted from Netherlands-Turkey government (G2G), "AT Electronic Commerce Directive Compliance Ensured and Support for the Implementation of the Directive was implemented under the coordination of the Ministry of Justice. Draft Law on Regulation of Electronic Commerce was prepared as a result of the work of the Preparation Committee of the e-Commerce Law (Tekel, 2014).

Figure 1 The point internet access over Turkey
The Draft Law on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce which was prepared by the Commission in 2010 was discussed by the Sub-Committees within a period of more than 2 years following the presentation by the Ministry of Justice to the TGNA. After that, the draft law was revised by the Ministry of Justice, and it was submitted to the Turkish Grand National Assembly again in 2014 and entered into force in 2015, as a requirement of the "Law on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce. The Ministry of Customs and Trade has been assigned to coordinate all sub-legislative works and public regulations on e-commerce. The Ministry, Regulation on Service Provider and Service Provider in Electronic Commerce and Regulation on Commercial Communication and Commercial Electronic Messages has detailed the responsibilities of service providers and the contents of commercial messages (Demirdöğmez et al., 2018).

The Concept of e-commerce:
In 1998, T.C. Ministry of Transportation defined e-commerce in Turkey National Information Infrastructure Report: "E-commerce is all kinds of commercial business activities which the parties communicate electronically without the need to establish a physical connection or physical exchange" (TUENA, 1998).
ECOM defined e-commerce in 1996, "electronic commerce supports an entire range of activities, product design, manufacturing, advertising, commercial transactions, settlement of accounts, using a variety of kinds of computer networks" (OECD, 1997).
In another point of view, just with a minimum investment, an enterprise could easily nationalize itself over the territory without necessarily creating branches in various regions of the territory. They could easily be made available if the international scene depending on the products being sold, quality and possible amount of quantity which could be supplied. Therefore this falls in the line of making new business associate very easily via internet platforms, creating contacts to make the business much more viable and available for the national and international market (Chaffey, 2002). As earlier mentioned, these are possibilities of impacting the Turkish international trade positively and making Turkey a potential economic actor worldwide via this platform <www.europe.eu.int, 2003>, for it is automatic that growth in sales leads to growth in turnover; thus causing more and more advantages depending on the size of the business activity (Akın, 2003).
As a result of e-commerce, several individual business firms connected via online computer technology, as shown in figure 2 below, which is called virtual businesses. So, business firms now have the capacity to become virtual businesses which allows sharing of skills, costs, and access to markets. The value of a virtual business is to be competitive in a complex market and attain new opportunities (Smith, 2011).  The Turkish market economy is a market in constant development and in strong growth. The average growth in the world is 40-45%, against 55-60% in Turkey. There are many players and significant competition in the market. There have been many investments in the sector: $ 750 million has been invested directly from abroad according to the e-commerce association. The number of Internet users is growing every year, as well as the number of Internet shoppers were 4 million Internet shoppers in 2010, 8 million shoppers in 2012, and an average annual increase of 41%. Buyers on the Internet are young; indeed, about 50% of buyers are between 25 and 35 years old. With a population of about 76 million inhabitants, the number of internet users rises to about 37 million users or 50% of the population. The total percentage of the population who buy online is close to 8 million people or 22% of Internet users and about 10% of the population (Taşkın, 2014).
In May 2015, Law No. 6563 was advocated on dictates how private information recollected via transactions in regards to commercial exchanges via the internet be preserved and well kept. This was in a bid to secure transactions and messages being exchanged from one pint to another, especially between buyers and consumers. It was important therefore to modify and make provisions about Turkish foreign policies in regards to this important stake that did not only plague turkey but the international community. It is therefore clear that the coming of such facilitated ways of doing business with all its simplicity as it portrays, also widens possibilities of further serious danger on the internet, reason why security measures have to be taken as an impact to Turkish international trade system. This law passed in 2015 requested that all personal information of purchasers be stored and kept under the competences of Turkish authorities only, though it sounded somehow very difficult and to an extent quite impossible, but it was necessary for its perfect functionality (Turkey country commercial guide, 2017).
Turkey can be considered as one of the largest emerging countries around the Mediterranean, accounting for a development worthy of the most dynamic economies of Southeast Asia with 5% growth Annual average GDP in the last 5 years which is an extensive and credible figure for an economy. To be more specific, the Turkish market electronic commerce has seen a whirlwind rise in the last four years. This growth is instigated by the keenness of the population to digital uses, which now became a fixture in the lives of Turkish, 46 million about 58% of the population have access to the Internet, consumers are acquiring more and more smart mobile phones and tablets, 65% are equipped with a smartphone, against a global average of 60% and 56% of e-consumers prefer to go through the channel Internet, which is the international market, because it allows to finding better prices than traditional distribution (Acilar, 2016).

International trade in turkey:
Trade is the concept of exchanging goods and services between two people or entities. International trade is then the concept of this exchange between people or entities in two different countries. People or entities do trade because they consider benefit from the exchange. People have involved in trade for thousands of years (Mason et al, 2012).
Looking at international trade in Turkey, it will be bias to acclaim that there are no possible developmental strategies established for the past few years in the perspectives of macroeconomics and foreign trade partnerships with other countries of the world be it third world or developed countries. As earlier described, it is clear that Turkey is part and parcel of the BRICs countries nowadays. They are as the acronyms clearly demonstrate Brazil, Russia, India and China. These countries as well as Turkey are no longer the only emerging countries of the world now. Turkey is one of those countries seeking to gain a foothold in the global economy. Today, the Turkish challenge is to find a viable economic dynamic, but there is still a lot of effort to stabilize the latter (Degaut, 2015). The world has changed its perception of the concept of emerging markets with the continuous recent evolution in international trade and the like such as implementations of tariffs and trade, e-commerce and a good number of other facets of macroeconomics. Today, this concept is expanded considerably with countries that have the potentiality to emerge and become an effective contributor to global economic growth in the world. Being a new country in this limited concept, Turkey, also named Europe's Tiger Economy Potential in 2005, due to its speedy developmental projects undertaken, is leading the next wave of fast growing markets. Today the Turkish challenge is to have a viable economic dynamic, but to know that there is still a lot of effort to be made to improve its nature (Acemoglu, 2015).
The geographical location of Turkey in the Middle East, Europe and Asia, has its primordial role as a trading post between East and West, and its population accounting for a viable market of 75 million people and a promising workforce, are the natural wealth that the country has and makes extensive use for its own credibility and benefits. Giving access to global markets is to be a major distributor for different regions. The constant progression of the Turkish economy over the past decade has been significant, being now ranked 17th in the world. It will be critical in a joint of view to acclaim that the external deficit, as well as the high dependence on foreign direct investment in a short term, are real sources of trade fragility which are situations of careful examinations which could benefit Turkey only in a short term and not a long-term for a constant fear reaching implication in the international economy of the world (Tuncel, 2014).
It is important to note that historically, the country imports more than it exports to the world. In general perspective, this situation does not formulate better possibilities of consolidation of its position in the world economy classifications, as such; it is a serious source of concern, on the contrary, for it is frequently observed in emerging countries. For the past ten years, this historical deficit has been sharply reduced. But the current account deficit was clearly excessive, rising up to 10% of Gross Domestic Product in 2011, leading to sharp diminishing returns of 22% depreciation of the Turkish lira currency against the dollar, causing inflation to rebound. Therefore, in 2012, the external deficit decreased by 20.7% compared to 2011, the result of a "fleecy landing" of the Turkish economy originating from weak domestic demand. However, this reduction in the deficit is largely related to the privatization of state enterprises, particularly in the telecommunications and energy sectors. Therefore, it must be added that everything is a matter of measurement. Currently, the Turkish current account deficit remains high, in the first quarter of 2013, for its clear that it saw an increase of 17.4% and reached 50.6 billion USD (Tuncel, 2014).
Turkey being the second largest beneficiary of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the West Asia region, they play an important role in the good health of the Turkish economy, making her economy dependent and contingent. Being attractive to foreign companies reflects the presence of assets and brings benefits to the host country and the presence of an available market. Still, Turkey is most often dependent on these investors, and multinationals do not hesitate to dictate their laws, strong of a power of permanent blackmail to re allocation. The way out in this case is very simplified, if foreign investors are willing to take the risks, then the money will flow to Turkey, then the Turkish government will encourage spending and imports, boosting and revitalizing the Turkish lira. On the contrary, if the situation is the opposite, funds from foreign investors will not be geared to Turkey, causing the fall in the Turkish lira and a slowdown in domestic spending, which accounts for the persistent increase and fall of the currency (The World Bank in Turkey, 2017). International trade based on international trade theories: Historically, it has been significant to know how countries traded with each other in order to better understand how modern global trade work. To know how the mechanisms of trade work, economists over years have tried to develop international trade theories. The main historical theories are called classical, such as, Mercantilism, Absolute Advantage, Comparative Advantage, and Heckscher-Ohlin. They are from the perspective of a country or country-based. Moreover, in the mid of twentieth century the theories shifted to clarify trade from the perspective of a firm rather than a country. These theories were referred to modern theories, and they were firm or company based theories rather than country based theories. The modern one consists of several international theories, such as, Country Similarity, Product Life Cycle, Global Strategic Rivalry, and Porter's National Competitive Advantage (Mason et al, 2012). Mercantilism as a classical international theory was developed in the sixteenth century, and it was one of the earliest efforts to progress an economic theory. Mercantilism stated that the wealth of a country was determined by the quantity of its gold and silver assets. They believed that a country should promote its gold and silver holdings by discouraging imports and increasing exports. They mean that if people from other countries purchase more from you which are exports than they sell to you which are imports, then they should pay you the difference in silver and gold. According to a Mercantilism theory, the ultimate goal of a nation was to become independent so as to not dependent on other countries for goods. So, every country wanted to have a trade surplus which means the value of exports is greater than the value of imports. Also, the objective of each country was to avoid a trade deficit or a situation when the value of imports is bigger than the value of exports. Many of them promoted exports so as so impose restrictions on imports. This strategy is still used today, and it is called Protectionism (Mason et al, 2012). In 1776, Adam Smith offered a new theory called Absolute Advantage. This theory concentrated on the capability of a country to produce a good more efficiently than another country. He stated that trade between countries shouldn't be controlled or limited by government rules. But, it should be done naturally according to market forces. According to Smith, if country A could produce a good cheaper or faster or both than Country B, then Country A had the advantage and could emphasis on specializing on producing that good. Likewise, if Country B could better produce another good, it could then focus on specialization as well. Through specialization, countries could create efficiencies so that their labor force would become more skilled by working the same jobs. These countries thus would generate efficiencies which are for the benefit of people of both countries. His theory reasoned that the wealth of a nation should not be judged by how wealth they are in silver or gold but rather by the living standards of the people of the country (Mason et al, 2012).

Figure 3 A European View on Mercantilism
The challenge to the Absolute Advantage theory was that there are maybe some countries which are better in producing both goods, while the other country might have no absolute advantages. Therefore, in 1817 an English economist named David Ricardo introduced the Comparative Advantage theory as an answer to the challenge of Absolute Advantage theory. Comparative advantage happens when country A cannot produce a product more efficiently than country B, but country A can produce that product more efficiently and better than producing their other goods. The difference between both theories, Absolute Advantage and Comparative Advantage, is that Comparative Advantage theory emphases on the relative productivity differences, while Absolute Advantage theory focuses at the absolute productivity (Mason et al, 2012).
Another classical theory model of international trade was Heckscher-Ohlin theory which was also called Factor Proportions theory. In the early 1900s, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory was founded by two Swedish economists Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. Their theory stated on how a country could achieve comparative advantage by producing products which used factors that were in plenty in the country like land, labor, and capital. Moreover, they stated that countries would produce and export those goods which required cheaper production factors or resources, or those which were in great supply in the country. In contrast, countries would import those products which required resources which were in higher demand, but short supply (Mason et al, 2012).
After World War II, a new modern category of theory relating to international trade emerged the above classical mentioned theories. However, this time business school professors rather than economists founded firm based theories replacing to country-based trade theories. You know why, classical theories were emerged because they could not adequately refer to trade between two countries in which they produce products in the same industry. For instance, Germany export Mercedes-Benz automobiles to Japan, but on the other hand Germany imports Toyota vehicles from Japan. After that, the cost of transporting gradually reduced as technology advanced. There was an incredible change in the cost of commerce because the decline of cost lead to rapid rise in quantity, and the impact of quantity is more than the impact of price. This illustrates that e-commerce plays an important role in international trade. Therefore, international trade became much easier after the advancement of e-commerce. So, the connection between buyers and sellers became so close, and the negotiations between them were much easier. Thus

The cloudy ICT and telephony advantage in the growth of e-commerce:
Modernization to a greater extend came up with a good number of advantages and simplification of life, this has made it in such a way that the world developed as speedily as the speed of light with sporadic developmental projects in all sectors of life. With the advent of mobile telephony in the 21st century, the Internet and other forms of information communication technology (ICT) can bring significant benefits to various forms of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development. They have already led to productivity gains in several sectors. However, SMEs do not always use IT as much as possible in these developing countries. Governments and their partners, including the private sector, have highlighted the need to seize the party's new opportunities that are emerging daily in the new IT landscape. In addition, through laws and development modalities, governments and international organizations ensure that useful users of the Internet connection and all technological advances accelerate data flow and help reduce costs to the consumer. In both developed and developing countries, SMEs make up the majority of companies and employ the majority of workers in the manufacturing and services sectors. SMEs mainly serve the single market and their contribution to the gross annual product of development. Although the fact that it is usually very small and may vary greatly depending on the value of the goods or services they produce. In Azerbaijan, Belarus and Ukraine, the proportion of formal workers employed in the SME sector is less than 6%, and in other developing countries, such as Ghana, Ecuador and Turkey is over 50% (World Trade Organization, 2013).
The following figure illustrates the percentage of internet users around the world according their regions. For example, the Asian countries benefit from internet with 49 percentages which is much higher comparing to the other regions or they register about the half of the internet users of the world (Internet World Stats, 2018).

Figure 4
Economic benefits from participation in international trade: How are trade benefits? What drives individuals and businesses to voluntarily engage in trade exchanges with a number of varying countries? Why do states favor it? And why do economists defend it? It is quite important to understand all this questions ignorer to have a comprehensive knowledge on international commerce. In answer to this, trade in agricultural commodities and key trends in international trade, the long-term trend of international trade streams for most products has grown gradually over the past two centuries and has the object of a remarkable acceleration since the Second World War. However, this is not only the result of the incredible improvement of the many means of transport and communication, but also of the benefits of trade (Turkish Exporters Assembly, 2016).
Economists have put forward a huge number of arguments in the benefit of international trade in products. Some of them are clear and common sense, while others are not much clear. These arguments can be classified into three broad groups according to the criteria on which they are based, namely (Turkish Exporters Assembly, 2016); 1) The trade induced increase in the total amount of goods and services offered to the people of the country.
2) The variety of goods and services that people can enter through trade.
3) The stable supply and prices of goods and services that result from trade.

The impacts of e-commerce on economic growth of Turkey:
The population of Turkey is around 79.51 million people. Its GDP is 857.75 billion USD, and the GDP per capita is currently 9,969 USD. According to the GDP per capita ranking, Turkey is ranked the 13th richest country. Until 2021, the GDP of Turkey per capita is expected to register 11,945 USD. Therefore, economic growth defined as a continued expansion of potential output as measured by the increase in Real Gross Domestic Product (real GDP) over certain period of time (Elseoud, 2014).
There are 31.39 million e-commerce users in Turkey, and it is expected that this number of users will be increased and added 6.72 million online shopping users in the following four years. In addition, these 38.11 million e-commerce users will spend around 253.83 million USD on shopping online till 2021, as it is shown in following table, (Anon, 2017).

Table 2
Source: Anon, 2017 The internet users according to their ages are divided; 95% for the ages between 16-24 year olds, 91% for the ages from 25 to 34 year olds, 87% of 35-44 year olds, and 77% of older generation from the ages of 45 to 54 year olds long on daily. So, the rate of using internet decreases due to rising in age (Anon, 2017).
Turkey, in the coming years, is forecasted to grow on average 4.4%. This grows average of Turkey compared to Middle East and North African Countries is very high and relatively high compared to global average which is 3.7%. Turkey's Export is expected to grow 13.9 annually due to Turkey's main trading partners and its own economic growth which makes Turkey the 29th largest exporter worldwide. On the other hand, import demand grows with 9.1% average per year which means on the global list of largest importers Turkey takes the 21st position (ING International Trade Study, 2018). Furthermore, Turkey mainly imports industrial machinery, ores and metals, fuels, which altogether represent 41% of total import of Turkey. Similarly, vehicles and transport equipment, ores and metals, and textiles such as fibers, yarn, and products in which all mentioned exported products account 54% of total exports in Turkey. The 33% total imports of Turkey are from China, Germany, and Russia, while Turkey's main exports markets are Germany, Iraq and Russia in which these countries together represent 31% of total export, as it is shown in table 3 and table 4, (ING International Trade Study, 2018).  The impacts of e-commerce on international trade in Turkey: E-commerce impacts international trade through a consistent cost reduction, marketing and advertising price reduction, persistent reduction in customer services issues and diverted to innovations for wise and clear business entities especially which has serious ambitious of growth viability in the international market. According to Blanning studies conducted on the relationship between e-commerce and the habitual standard markets which do not makes use of the internet, there is much more possibility of better stimulants and advantages, possibilities of growth unlike the tradition market which exists (Chaffey, 2002).
The proliferation of this new form of doing business in Turkey came up with a good number of developmental ideas as the Turkish market outstretch almost 24 billion Turkish liras between the previous years and the year 2015. Examples of this activities includes sales of food online, sales of tickets, selling clothes and other products that could be consumed by the Turkish community both domestically and internationally. This impacts Turkish international trade in the perspectives that it created that availability of this finish products to an available market, thus increasing the power, potentiality and anxiety of fellow Turkish citizens to embark of such profitable business ventures. For this to be perfectly attained and consolidated, a number of requisites has been made and prescribed by the Turkish government called the Turkish commercial code. This came into binding in 2012 and alongside requested that business in Turkey possess online site forums. This was as a means of boosting Turkish economy knowing the vitality and credibility of e-commerce to Turkish international trade (Turkey country commercial guide, 2017) For better understanding, international trade could be defined as the exchange of goods or services between countries. Free trade agreements facilitate international trade by removing barriers to trade between two or more countries, usually by lowering tariffs on tariffs on cross-border goods. The World Trade Organization (WTO) seeks to facilitate international trade by establishing global rules and standards that its member countries, including Turkey, have adopted. To what extent are these rules respected? What impact do you have on the Turkish economy? In the following paragraphs, one will therefore create the association between the impacts of this virtual mode of commerce on Turkey's international trade perspectives. Before embarking on the impacts of electronic commerce on international commerce in Turkey, it is important to clarify the various forms of this new business trend (Dumludag, Devrim, 2009). E-commerce cannot be restricted to online sales. It is based on a chain of behaviors, which can include up to five steps: Firstly, it is important to get information online: browse the internet, flip through the catalogs, search for promotions, and use price comparators. Internet usage surveys show that "sniffing" and price comparators are by far the most frequent and most popular in e-commerce. In sales outlets, sellers are more often to customers who have made pre-selection on the internet and who have consulted product reviews.
Secondly, it is making an order online: this is to choose a product and place an order online or again to make a reservation for a show or a trip. This step constitutes a "acting out ". The question of trust plays an important role here.
Thirdly, Payment on line: This step supposes the possession of means of electronic payment, that is to say a credit card, an online banking contract with a bank, an account with specialized payment operators (like PayPal). Social segregation by the banks is well known. It has a selective effect on the ability to make online purchases and pay them online.
Fourthly, it is following online purchases until delivery (in case of delivery of material goods): this is here also an important element of the relationship of trust, which can be decisive in case of dispute.
More so, after the enormous success of e-commerce in Turkey as has been figured out for the past years, the Turkish government saw the need to imitate this form of doing business with all its advantages and attributes it posited to aid the government in its multilateral tasks. This form of government way of administration through e-commerce came up with what is today called e-government. This outlines that all governmental works that had to be affected and could benefit order and swiftness in administrative matters such as payment of taxes, administrative information and procedures were to be digitalized. This saved time and money with the use of papers and energy and made administrative works much simpler as all governmental sectors were equipped with websites were all information could be fetched and attained without necessary movements. In this point of view, one sees how e-commerce proliferate its success by impacting not just international trade but governmental activities via e-commerce (Turkey country commercial guide 2017).
Lastly, it has to use an online after-sales service: in case of complaint, delivery not compliant, outages, exchange of products (for example, clothes that do not have the proper cut). This is notoriously a weak point of e-commerce. Here, suddenly, the internet disappears: phone, e mail, or even the recommended classic postal. In terms of trade regulations, Belgium has adapted its framework quite rapidly to deal with the new realities of e-commerce.
This change in the dynamics of trade has had inherent consequences on Turkey's foreign economy credibility and other nations buying from Turkey for many countries apply de-minimis thresholds that allow shipments of low value to enter a country without being submitted to serious checks, or virtually none, to rights or taxes and to benefit from very simplified procedures. This encourages shippers and consumers to engage in clever maneuvers with the goal to avoid paying extra charges by dividing several secondary bills, undervaluing bills or false statements concerning the goods. Another type of manipulation to classify goods in categories that are not their own or designate a different country of origin, so that the products benefit from rights or customs duty rates more advantageous. This situation has caused a lot of debate in the minds of economist whereby the proliferation of fake commodities are easily bought from this Turkish sites at low prices compared to the real cost of the commodity. This makes Turkey responsible for the proliferation of fake commodities and enables a gain to this company which increases their turn over annually, but marks a potential credibility on Turkey's economic reputation to other countries which disfavor the proliferation of these fake goods (Akar et al., 2007).
Furthermore, it is important to note that, Turkey historically imports more than it exports to the world. The  people remotely on computer networks, that is to say over the Internet. Initially, in the late 1990s in Turkey, users of this new sales and service channel had some fears, but in the recent years, the reliability and success of e-commerce has convinced almost everyone (Larson, 2013).
It has provided a global market, with the internet, there is no longer a geographical limit with regard to the sales market. The computer system makes it possible to have customers around the world. These can, in a few clicks, access the offers and services and be served. This is an advantage that benefits the entire service chain thus service providers, customers, auxiliaries. The opening on the world market is a guarantee of the success of online sales. It is important to note that to reach this global market; one needs to have a good marketing online strategy. In this regard, Web Conversion is a professional agency that helps online sales sites achieves this dream. This accounts for the multiplication of computer studies especially in remote regions of Turkey so as to prepare the new generations in this race for modernity in commercial aspects and the economy (Karacaovali, 2011).More so, targeted sale customer targeting is one of the most exciting benefits of online commerce. Indeed, this process allows service providers to quickly identify the websites of companies that needs their services or products. Otherwise, it is to know the customer that needs the product being offered. This allows providers to save money and know exactly which destination to embark on (Chambers, 2001).
Another impact that could be generated to posit the impact of e-commerce on Turkish foreign trade is the possibility to widen internal and external transmission of useful data that could be useful for the betterment and managerial perfection of enterprises in Turkey. This perspective has portrays how a perfect relationship between a wide range of customers be it wherever they are, with the use of internet, useful data on how to ameliorate a product or after sales services could be modernize. This goes a long way to say that quality and ways of doing business are in constant evolutionary process for it is clear that customers feedbacks are very essential thanks to e-commerce which has made the digitalization of business (Tekel, 2014).

Conclusion:
In guise of conclusion, it will be logical to say that an increase in a country's internet access will enable an increase in its service trade with other countries. Thus, the volume of international trade will rise via ecommerce. E-commerce significantly impacts on trade in services. However, one of the greatest innovations which have originated with the industrial and technological revolution is e-commerce. So, e-commerce means using technology to perform selling and buying. There are several ways to maximize the convenience of ecommerce, but it will be necessary for the environment to be conducive to its wider dissemination among businesses, consumers and institutions. Internet infrastructure can be a link between citizens, as well as between the individual and the rest of the world, which leads to more social cohesion. It is imperative to understand the needs of businesses and citizens. Moreover, e-commerce does have impact on international trade because it affects the price and the output of product, exports and imports of merchandise trade, profits of enterprise, and the total global merchandise trade, etc.. Even the quantity of product sold in foreign country and own country was changed due to the development of e-commerce. The extent of impact of e-commerce on various marketplaces determined the export and import of merchandise trade. The total output of product will rise considerably. Moreover, the profits of enterprise decline slowly in the beginning and rise fast after a certain step of development in e-commerce.
In addition, a percentage increasing number of users are now also accessing Web through mobile technology, for example, in the lives of Turkish, 46 million about 58% of the population have access to the Internet, consumers are acquiring more and more smart mobile phones and tablets, 65% are equipped with a smartphone, against a global average of 60% and 56% of e-consumers prefer to go through the channel Internet, which is the international trade, because it allows to finding better prices than traditional distribution. Moreover, Internet access and mobile telephony has contributed to improving the livelihoods of poor people by facilitating communications and expanding access to information. Many farmers and poor people can now get better prices for their crops because they have access to information on market prices. For example, when farmers have access to price and inventory information, it helps to reduce the risk of selling below the courses or deliver their products in excessive or insufficient quantities in a given market. Information transmitted by mobile phone also includes access to early warning services to mitigate the risk of losses due to bad weather or the spread of diseases. Difficult to accurately predict these changes, for it's a certainty. E-commerce will be one of the most used distribution modes in a few years.
However, despite a large number of disadvantages, this does not slow down the development of electronic commerce, as the number of benefits is higher. The benefits not only apply to Internet users, but also to businesses because their websites are open 24 hours a day and an Internet shopper's shopping cart is higher than physical stores. It can be concluded that e-commerce is a new and emerging form of distribution that is becoming increasingly important. E-commerce is therefore promising in the future. Initially, in the late 1990s in Turkey, users of this new sales and service channel had some fears, but in the recent years, the reliability and success of e-commerce has convinced almost everyone. However, Turkey is experiencing rapid and better growth, which is expected in the coming years by the e-commerce sector for both entrepreneurs and buyers, as the majority of internet users are teenagers between 16 and 35 years old, so this is a large group in the general population.